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- <text id=90TT1177>
- <title>
- May 07, 1990: The Long Arm Of Radar
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- May 07, 1990 Dirty Words
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 83
- The Long Arm Of Radar
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Pentagon warriors enlist the ionosphere against smugglers
- </p>
- <p> What is the best vantage point for spotting a drug-smuggling
- plane crossing the Caribbean? Strangely enough, one good place
- to be is Bangor, Me., a city thousands of kilometers north of
- the smugglers' favorite routes. Last week in Bangor the U.S. Air
- Force showed off the operations center for a new radar system
- that can "see" up to 3,300 km (2,000 miles), or nearly ten times
- as far as conventional radar. Built by General Electric, the OTH
- (for over-the-horizon) radar system was originally developed to
- give the U.S. military an early warning of any approaching
- Soviet bombers. But in these days of easing tensions between
- East and West, the Pentagon is excited about the role that the
- radar can play in the war against drug trafficking.
- </p>
- <p> Able to cover a swath of sky from Iceland to the northern
- coast of South America, the OTH radar can monitor a smuggler's
- plane from soon after it takes off in, say, Colombia until it
- reaches the U.S. When a technician in Bangor sees an unscheduled
- flight over the Caribbean, the information will be relayed to
- the Pentagon's Joint Task Force Center in Key West, Fla. An Air
- Force fighter will follow the suspect plane, and officers of the
- Customs Service and the Drug Enforcement Administration will be
- alerted to the mystery craft's course so that they can be on the
- scene when it lands. Says Air Force Colonel Jack Lenz, the OTH
- project manager: "Only suicidal smugglers would try to beat
- this."
- </p>
- <p> All radar operates by sending out radio beams and listening
- for echoes as the signals bounce back from distant objects. The
- range of conventional radar is limited by the earth's curvature,
- since the signal must follow a straight line. Standard
- ground-based systems work for about 80 km (50 miles), and
- airborne equipment for 320 km (200 miles). OTH radar gets around
- the limit by sending beams up to the ionosphere, an atmospheric
- layer of charged atoms that begins some 75 km (46 miles) above
- the earth's surface. The signals are reflected by the ionosphere
- over the horizon, where they hit objects and bounce back to the
- ionosphere and then back to the radar system.
- </p>
- <p> The idea behind this radar is not new; shortwave radio
- signals have long been bounced off the ionosphere. But
- developing reliable over-the-horizon radar proved tricky because
- the composition of the ionosphere is always in flux, making it
- more like a mass of moving clouds than a smooth reflecting
- mirror. The OTH radar overcomes this problem by using computer
- power: the software enables technicians to chart constantly the
- intensity and thickness of the ionosphere, telling operators
- where conditions are best and which radio frequencies to use for
- maximum performance.
- </p>
- <p> To be effective, the OTH radar system had to be huge. The
- signals are sent from three transmitting antennas, each more
- than 1,095 meters (3,600 ft.) long, in Moscow, Me. Some 175 km
- (110 miles) away, in Columbia Falls, are three receiving
- antennas, each stretching nearly 1,520 meters (5,000 ft.). The
- whole system is controlled by 28 of Digital Equipment Corp.'s
- powerful VAX computers located at the operations center in
- Bangor.
- </p>
- <p> And that is only the beginning. The OTH radar in Maine will
- soon be joined by similar installations in North Dakota,
- California and Alaska. Together, the radar systems will be able
- to look out for millions of square kilometers from every part
- of the U.S. coastline. That promises to complicate the life of
- any drug smuggler trying to sneak into American skies.
- </p>
- <p>By Bruce van Voorst/Bangor.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-